The Middle Sakarya Valley, located in northwestern Anatolia and corresponding to the middle course of the Sakarya River, is a region of rich historical and archaeological significance. This geography, which witnessed continuous human settlement from the Paleolithic Age to the Byzantine period,...

Apsoda is an ancient settlement located in the northwest of ancient Anatolia, within the broad historical geography where the regions of Bithynia, Pontus, and Paphlagonia intersect. Situated in the hinterland extending into the Black Sea's interior regions, this center is a point that may have...

Araunia is an ancient settlement located in northern ancient Anatolia, at the intersection of the Bithynia, Pontus, and Paphlagonia regions, which encompass the Black Sea coastline. With its strategic position, it potentially contributed to the region's trade and maritime activities, becoming...

Balgatia is a small ancient settlement located on the Black Sea coast of ancient Anatolia, at or near the intersection of the regions of Bithynia, Pontus, and Paphlagonia. It was influenced by the political and cultural changes these regions underwent throughout history, yet no evidence of its...

Trikomia 3 is a hypothetical settlement in Anatolia, mentioned in the ancient Greek and Roman world, but whose exact location remains unidentified today. It was likely situated within the borders of modern Turkey, in a location between the ancient cities of Dorylaion (Eskişehir) and Pessinous...

Anaua/Sanaos is a small ancient settlement located in present-day Turkey, at the intersection of the ancient regions of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia in Anatolia. This mountainous and strategic location played a significant role in the city's efforts to maintain its independence and in its...

Apamea/Kelainai/Kibotos, one of the significant settlements of ancient Phrygia, is located near modern Dinar. Its position at the intersection of strategic road networks connecting Ionia to the east ensured the city's great military and commercial importance throughout history. It continued its...

Apollonia/Mordiaion/Sozopolis is a significant settlement with a multi-layered history, situated at the intersection of the ancient Anatolian regions of Lycia, Pamphylia, and especially Pisidia. The names it bore during different periods reflect the city's cultural and political transformations...

Aporidos Come is a small ancient settlement located in southwestern modern-day Turkey, at the intersection of the ancient regions of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia. As a "kome," meaning a village or rural settlement, this center most likely contributed to the administration of the surrounding...

Aulutrena is an ancient Roman castellum located near Çapalı/Karakuyu in modern Afyonkarahisar province, on the shore of ancient Lake Aulutrene. The settlement, believed to have been used as a temporary camp site from the 2nd century BCE, hosted a stone-built garrison particularly during the...

Colossae is an important ancient city strategically located in the Lycus (Çürüksu) Valley, in southwestern ancient Phrygia. This city is particularly known for its role in the early Christian period, immortalized by the Apostle Paul's letter to the Colossians. Its location on trade routes and its...

Eleinokapria is an ancient settlement, whose name is uncertain or reconstructed, located in southwestern ancient Anatolia, at or near the intersection of the regions of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia. Situated within the tradition of independent city-states characteristic of this mountainous...

Hierapolis is an ancient Phrygian spa city located in western Anatolia, built upon the unique white travertine terraces of Pamukkale. It was founded by the Kingdom of Pergamon in the 2nd century BCE and became renowned for its healing thermal waters. The city, with its rich archaeological...

Kilaraza is an ancient settlement believed to have been located within the borders of present-day Denizli province, at the intersection of the mountainous regions of ancient Anatolia such as Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia. As indicated by the asterisk, its ancient name is not definitively known or...

Laodicea ad Lycum is an ancient city strategically located on the banks of the Lycus River in Western Anatolia. The city achieved great prosperity during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, known particularly for its textile production, banking, and advancements in medicine. Today, this important...

Lounda was a small settlement in ancient Anatolia, distinguished by its mountainous geography, located at the intersection of the regions of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia. This city persisted through the Hellenistic and Roman periods, embodying the region's tradition of free-spirited and...

Plinnena is an ancient settlement with an uncertain or reconstructed name, located at the intersection of the Lycian, Pamphylian, or Pisidian regions of ancient Anatolia. Situated in a mountainous landscape, this city is examined within the context of the region's tradition of independent...

Polyetta is an ancient settlement, whose name is uncertain or reconstructed, believed to be located at the intersection of the ancient Anatolian regions of Lycia, Pamphylia, or Pisidia. Situated in a mountainous and strategic area, this city reflects the general characteristics of other...